There is a legend which relates to the invention of the number zero, which probably isn't true but inadvertently demonstrates something interesting.
To wit:
A man was arguing with a trader in a marketplace, over the price of spices and they came to a disagreement.
"None of these numbers are amounts that I want to pay," he said to himself.
So he considered all of the numbers and drew a circle in the dust.
"Inside this circle is nothing. This is the amount that I want to pay. I shall call it jeero."
I am not ashamed of sporking this story for a different purpose than intended because although it speaks about the invention of a 0 as a mathematical concept, it also touches on that most base of human desires to want things at no cost to themselves.
Every Economics 1A class will begin with the starting premise that economics tends to describe satisfying unlimited wants with limited resources and that markets are just an allocation mechanism in achieving that. Very rarely is the notion of unlimited wants examined itself. The curious thing about those unlimited wants, is that they are unlimited in being unlimited.
The problem with unlimited unlimited wants is that they are by nature insatiable. It is literally impossible to multiply all the zeroes in the universe and even get to one.
The Greeks called this "pleonexia". The Romans called it "avaritia". The English word "greed" is derived from the West Saxon word "grædig" which just means "hungry".
Hunger is fine. As a signal that someone hasn't eaten anything in a while, it is useful. As an insatiable desire for material gain, be it food, money, land, animate or inanimate possessions, defined by unlimited unlimited wants, it is destructive.
Unlimited unlimited wants, which almost by definition includes more than one's rightful share, can only come at the expense of others. Unlimited unlimited wants for material things, or social status, or power, at the expense of others in the community, invariably comes with the degradation of those others in the community.
Here's the rub. If you don't actually care about those others, nor care that they are paying that expense, nor care about their degradation, then that's a perfectly acceptable price. For you, it is the price of zero, which is the amount that you want to pay.
Classical Buddhism would suggest that the proper way to stop being dissatisfied with the perpetual grasping for things, is to learn to live peacefully with the skilful desires while letting go of the unproductive ones. That all sounds fine and dandy if you want to pursue a path of asceticism but how practical is it?
There is value in learning to be content with what you have but again, while this is a practice that can be cultivated, as a human where the centre of the observable universe is 19mm behind our corneas, that is easier said than done.
It should be obvious to anyone who has lived for more than 24 hours, that humans as limited animated creatures, have basic needs for things like food, clothing, shelter, and more abstract needs for things like purpose, meaning, community, and love, and that the edges between needs and wants are very blurry indeed. I would argue that it isn't any kind of moral hazard to want to have your needs met, nor necessarily to want nice things.
Everything mentioned thus far looks purely at trying to satisfy an individual's unlimited unlimited wants. However, if you open your eyes just a little bit, there just happen to be other people in the world, who also live complex lives and who by virtue of being human, are worthy of dignity and having things being given to them.
Generosity suggests that not only is the other worthy of dignity and having things being given to them, but that it should come at our expense.
If we boil everything down to pure economics, then literally everything worth anything comes down to how much people want the thing at a price and how much someone else is willing to supply that thing at a price. Irrespective of whether the underlying motivation is one of greed or generosity, someone somewhere is paying.
You can of course see this in the current discourse surrounding Capital Gains Tax proposals, and the almost malevolent opposition to any kind of removal of advantage for people who already own capital and property. People who own these their are definitely not generous, especially when someone else is paying for their advantage by way of rent. The idea that there should be public housing to meet people's needs is anathema to these people. Society repeatedly chooses to not see others as actually worth enough to meet the expense of basic dignity.
Across the OECD, total charitable giving amounts to no more than about 2% even if you choose to allow for tax distortions by including donations to churches and religious organisations which is almost unique to the United States. By demonstration, people just aren't generous. By way of comparison, the broader U.S. food sector represents roughly 6% of GDP and snacks account for about a third of that; which means that charity and snacks are actually valued about the same in economic terms.
In economic terms, we don't really believe that our fellow humans are actually worthy of dignity and having things being given to them; as much as we believe that our immediate need for snacks is important.
Generosity it would seem is reasonably rare. It is so rare that it accounts for one fiftieth of people's actual accounting. The unbelievable truth hidden in plain sight is that if people actually were generous and demonstrated civic philos, the world would change very radically and very quickly.
But it doesn't and it won't.






